CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES IN MUSHROOMS!
Incredibly rich in nutraceuticals, edible mushrooms are regarded as functional foods that play a significant part in enhancing human health and averting illnesses like cancer. However, nothing is now known about the specific biocompounds causing these effects. Anion-exchange chromatography was used to purify a water-soluble and ethanol-insoluble small RNA (sRNA) fraction from various edible mushroom species, including Cantharellus cibarius (CCI) and Boletus edulis (BED). These biomolecules have been shown to be potent substances that can suppress cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis in cancer cells while having no negative effects on healthy cells. The anti-cancer capabilities of microRNAs from ABI and BED, as well as the sRNA fractions from Boletus edulis, Agaricus bisporus Portobello (ABI), and Cantharellus cibarius, were examined in order to decipher their molecular nature.
In the current study, BED and Agaricus bisporus (ABI), also known as Portobello, two previously untested mushroom species gathered from Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (Portugal), were compared to sRNA fractions from CCI to examine the possible anti-cancer activity of their RNAs. Because prior research has suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) may have anti-cancer properties, miRNAs from all three species were also examined. Following harvest, all samples were freeze-dried (lyophilized) to prevent RNA degradation and keep them fresh.
sRNAs were extracted using anion-exchange chromatography whereas, miRNAs were isolated using the miRNA Isolation Kit. The Caco-2 tumor cell line and the HDFn normal cell line were utilized to assess in vivo effectiveness. Purification of BED yielded two distinct sRNA fractions, termed BEDA and BEDB. Quite unexpectedly, ABI purification yielded only one component (ABIA), indicating that not all mushrooms (or sRNAs) are chemically and functionally equivalent.
Cell line tests of sRNA efficacy demonstrated that ABIA was capable of decreasing cancer cell viability at 50 µg/mL. While higher doses repressed the malignancy more successfully, they were harmful to normal cells and hence need to be further explored to explicate their appropriate dosages. In contrast, BEDA exhibited no anti-cancer activities. BEDB and CCI3 were found to be the most effective anti-cancer drugs, with great efficacy at low doses and normal cell cytotoxicity at higher concentrations (250 µg/mL). The miRNA BED and ABI results contradicted previously reported CCI3 results by demonstrating no statistically significant differences between cancer and normal cells, implying that they are ineffective as anti-cancer treatments.
Experiments with normal and cancer cell lines determined that, while all mushroom sRNAs had anti-cancer capabilities, their relative activity varied greatly, implying that anti-cancer sRNAs are enriched with specific sequences. These findings highlight the potential of mushrooms as sources of biomolecules with anti-cancer properties, as well as the need for additional research into commonly available fruits, vegetables, and (in this case) fungi with the potential to discover remarkable bioactives with significant medical applications.
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